Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels. This happens due to insufficient insulin production, reduced insulin action, or both.

There are two main types:

1. Type 1 Diabetes

• Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells

• Little or no insulin production

• Common in children and young adults

• Requires lifelong insulin therapy

2. Type 2 Diabetes

• Most common form

• Body becomes insulin resistant

• Pancreas produces insulin, but cells do not respond effectively

• Often related to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics

---

Common Symptoms

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)

• Frequent urination (polyuria)

• Increased hunger (polyphagia)

• Fatigue

• Slow wound healing

• Blurred vision

• Tingling or numbness in hands/feet

---

Complications

• Neuropathy

• Kidney damage

• Eye damage (retinopathy)

• Heart disease

• Foot ulcers

---

Management

• Balanced diet (low-GI foods)

• Regular exercise

• Weight management

• Medications like metformin

• Insulin (if required)

• Regular blood glucose monitoring